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This is a summary of the Terms of Use. To read the full terms, scroll down or click here.

This is a human-readable summary of the Terms of Use. Disclaimer: This summary is not a part of the Terms of Use and is not a legal document. It is simply a handy reference for understanding the full terms. Think of it as the user-friendly interface to the legal language of our Terms of Use. Part of our mission is to: Empower and Engage people around the world to collect and develop educational content and either publish it under a free license or dedicate it to the public domain. Disseminate this content effectively and globally, free of charge. You are free to: Read and Print our articles and other media free of charge. Share and Reuse our articles and other media under free and open licenses. Contribute To and Edit our various sites or Projects. Under the following conditions: Responsibility – You take responsibility for your edits (since we only host your content). Civility – You support a civil environment and do not harass other users. Lawful Behavior – You do not violate copyright or other laws. No Harm – You do not harm our technology infrastructure. Terms of Use and Policies – You adhere to the below Terms of Use and to the applicable community policies when you visit our sites or participate in our communities. With the understanding that: You License Freely Your Contributions – you generally must license your contributions and edits to our sites or Projects under a free and open license (unless your contribution is in the public domain). No Professional Advice – the content of articles and other projects is for informational purposes only and does not constitute professional advice.

Our Terms of Use

Imagine a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. That's our commitment. – Our Vision Statement

Welcome to Wikimedia! The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (“we” or “us”), is a nonprofit charitable organization whose mission is to empower and engage people around the world to collect and develop content under a free license or in the public domain, and to disseminate it effectively and globally, free of charge.

To support our vibrant community, we provide the essential infrastructure and organizational framework for the development of multilingual wiki Projects and their editions (as explained here) and other endeavors which serve this mission. We strive to make and keep educational and informational content from the Projects available on the internet free of charge, in perpetuity.

We welcome you (“you” or the “user”) as a reader, editor, author, or contributor of the Wikimedia Projects, and we encourage you to join the Wikimedia community. Before you participate, however, we ask that you please read and agree to the following Terms of Use (“Terms of Use”).

Overview

These Terms of Use tell you about our public services at the Wikimedia Foundation, our relationship to you as a user, and the rights and responsibilities that guide us both. We want you to know that we host an incredible quantity of educational and informational content, all of which is contributed and made possible by users like yourself. Generally we do not contribute, monitor, or delete content (with the rare exception of policies like these Terms of Use or legal compliance for DMCA notices). This means that editorial control is in the hands of you and your fellow users who create and manage the content. We merely host this content.

The community – the network of users who are constantly building and using the various sites or Projects – are the principal means through which the goals of the mission are achieved. The community contributes to and helps govern our sites. The community undertakes the critical function of creating and enforcing policies for the specific Project editions (such as the different language editions for the Wikipedia Project or the Wikimedia Commons multi-lingual edition).

You are welcome to join as a contributor, editor, or author, but you should follow the policies that govern each of the independent Project editions. The largest of our Projects is Wikipedia, but we host other Projects too, each with different objectives and work methods. Each Project edition has a team of contributors, editors or authors who work together to create and manage the content on that Project edition. You are welcome to join these teams and work with them to improve these Projects. Because we are dedicated to making content freely accessible to the public, we generally require that all content you contribute is available under a free license or in the public domain.

Please be aware that you are legally responsible for all of your contributions, edits, and re-use of Wikimedia content under the laws of the United States of America and other applicable laws (which may include the laws where you live or where you view or edit content). This means it is important that you use caution when posting content. In light of this responsibility, we have some rules about what you cannot post, most of which is either for your own protection or for the protection of other users like yourself. Please keep in mind that the content we host is for general informational purposes only, so if you need expert advice for a particular question (such as medical, legal, or financial issues), you should seek the help of a licensed or qualified professional. We also include other important notices and disclaimers, so please read these Terms of Use in their entirety.

For clarity, other organizations, such as local Wikimedia chapters and associations, that may share in the same mission are nevertheless legally independent and separate from the Wikimedia Foundation and have no responsibility for the operations of the website or its content.

1. Our Services

The Wikimedia Foundation is dedicated to encouraging the growth, development and distribution of free multilingual content, and to hosting the full content of these wiki-based Projects for the public free of charge. Our role is to host some of the largest collaboratively edited reference Projects in the world, which can be found here. However, we act only as a hosting service, maintaining the infrastructure and organizational framework that allows our users to build the Wikimedia Projects by contributing and editing content themselves. Because of our unique role, there are a couple of things you should be aware of when considering our relationship to you, the Projects, and the other users:

1. We do not take an editorial role: Because the Wikimedia Projects are collaboratively edited, all of the content that we host is provided by users like yourself, and we do not take an editorial role. This means that we generally do not monitor or edit the content of the Project websites, and we do not take any responsibility for this content. Similarly, we do not endorse any opinions expressed via our services, and we do not represent or guarantee the truthfulness, accuracy, or reliability of any submitted community content. Instead, we simply provide access to the content that your fellow users have contributed and edited.
2. You are responsible for your own actions: You are legally responsible for your edits and contributions on Wikimedia Projects, so for your own protection you should exercise caution and avoid contributing any content that may result in criminal or civil liability under any applicable laws. For clarity, applicable law includes at least the laws of the United States of America. Although we may not agree with such actions, we warn editors and contributors that authorities may seek to apply other country laws to you, including local laws where you live or where you view or edit content. WMF generally cannot offer any protection, guarantee, immunity or indemnification.

2. Privacy Policy

We ask that you review the terms of our Privacy Policy, so that you are aware of how we collect and use your information. Because our services are used by people all over the world, personal information that we collect may be stored and processed in the United States of America or any other country in which we or our agents maintain facilities. By using our services, you consent to any such transfer of information outside your country.

3. Content We Host

1. You may find some material objectionable or erroneous: Because we provide a wide array of content that is produced or gathered by fellow users, you may encounter material that you find offensive, erroneous, misleading, mislabeled, or otherwise objectionable. We therefore ask that you use common sense and proper judgment when using our services.
2. Our content is for general informational purposes only: Although we host a great deal of information that pertains to professional topics, including medical, legal, or financial issues, this content is presented for general informational purposes only. It should not be taken as professional advice. Please seek independent professional counseling from someone who is licensed or qualified in the applicable area in lieu of acting on any information, opinion, or advice contained in one of the Project websites.

4. Refraining from Certain Activities

The Projects hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation only exist because of the vibrant community of users like you who collaborate to write, edit, and curate the content. We happily welcome your participation in this community. We encourage you to be civil and polite in your interactions with others in the community, to act in good faith, and to make edits and contributions aimed at furthering the mission of the shared Project.

Certain activities, whether legal or illegal, may be harmful to other users and violate our rules, and some activities may also subject you to liability. Therefore, for your own protection and for that of other users, you may not engage in such activities on our sites. These activities include:

Harassing and Abusing Others

• Engaging in harassment, threats, stalking, spamming, or vandalism; and
• Transmitting chain mail, junk mail, or spam to other users.

Violating the Privacy of Others

• Infringing the privacy rights of others under the laws of the United States of America or other applicable laws (which may include the laws where you live or where you view or edit content);
• Soliciting personally identifiable information for purposes of harassment, exploitation, violation of privacy, or any promotional or commercial purpose not explicitly approved by the Wikimedia Foundation; and
• Soliciting personally identifiable information from anyone under the age of 18 for an illegal purpose or violating any applicable law regarding the health or well-being of minors.

Engaging in False Statements, Impersonation, or Fraud

• Intentionally or knowingly posting content that constitutes libel or defamation;
• With the intent to deceive, posting content that is false or inaccurate;
• Attempting to impersonate another user or individual, misrepresenting your affiliation with any individual or entity, or using the username of another user with the intent to deceive; and
• Engaging in fraud.

Committing Infringement

• Infringing copyrights, trademarks, patents, or other proprietary rights under applicable law.

Misusing Our Services for Other Illegal Purposes

• Posting child pornography or any other content that violates applicable law concerning child pornography;
• Posting or trafficking in obscene material that is unlawful under applicable law; and
• Using the services in a manner that is inconsistent with applicable law.

Engaging in Disruptive and Illegal Misuse of Facilities

• Posting or distributing content that contains any viruses, malware, worms, Trojan horses, malicious code, or other device that could harm our technical infrastructure or system or that of our users;
• Engaging in automated uses of the site that are abusive or disruptive of the services and have not been approved by the Wikimedia community;
• Disrupting the services by placing an undue burden on a Project website or the networks or servers connected with a Project website;
• Disrupting the services by inundating any of the Project websites with communications or other traffic that suggests no serious intent to use the Project website for its stated purpose;
• Knowingly accessing, tampering with, or using any of our non-public areas in our computer systems without authorization; and
• Probing, scanning, or testing the vulnerability of any of our technical systems or networks unless all the following conditions are met:

• such actions do not unduly abuse or disrupt our technical systems or networks;
• such actions are not for personal gain (except for credit for your work);
• you report any vulnerabilities to MediaWiki developers (or fix it yourself); and
• you do not undertake such actions with malicious or destructive intent.

Paid contributions without disclosure

These Terms of Use prohibit engaging in deceptive activities, including misrepresentation of affiliation, impersonation, and fraud. As part of these obligations, you must disclose your employer, client, and affiliation with respect to any contribution for which you receive, or expect to receive, compensation. You must make that disclosure in at least one of the following ways:

• a statement on your user page,
• a statement on the talk page accompanying any paid contributions, or
• a statement in the edit summary accompanying any paid contributions.

Applicable law, or community and Foundation policies and guidelines, such as those addressing conflicts of interest, may further limit paid contributions or require more detailed disclosure.

A Wikimedia Project community may adopt an alternative paid contribution disclosure policy. If a Project adopts an alternative disclosure policy, you may comply with that policy instead of the requirements in this section when contributing to that Project. An alternative paid contribution policy will only supersede these requirements if it is approved by the relevant Project community and listed in the alternative disclosure policy page.

For more information, please read our FAQ on disclosure of paid contributions.

We reserve the right to exercise our enforcement discretion with respect to the above terms.

5. Password Security

You are responsible for safeguarding your own password and should never disclose it to any third party.

6. Trademarks

Although you have considerable freedoms for re-use of the content on the Project websites, it is important that, at the Wikimedia Foundation, we protect our trademark rights so that we can protect our users from fraudulent impersonators. Because of this, we ask that you please respect our trademarks. All Wikimedia Foundation trademarks belong to the Wikimedia Foundation, and any use of our trade names, trademarks, service marks, logos, or domain names must be in compliance with these Terms of Use and in compliance with our Trademark Policy.

7. Licensing of Content

To grow the commons of free knowledge and free culture, all users contributing to the Projects are required to grant broad permissions to the general public to re-distribute and re-use their contributions freely, so long as that use is properly attributed and the same freedom to re-use and re-distribute is granted to any derivative works. In keeping with our goal of providing free information to the widest possible audience, we require that when necessary all submitted content be licensed so that it is freely reusable by anyone who cares to access it.

You agree to the following licensing requirements:

1. Text to which you hold the copyright: When you submit text to which you hold the copyright, you agree to license it under:
   • Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (“CC BY-SA”), and
   • GNU Free Documentation License (“GFDL”) (unversioned, with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back-cover texts).

   (Re-users may comply with either license or both.)

   The only exception is if the Project edition or feature requires a different license. In that case, you agree to license any text you contribute under that particular license. For example, at the publication of this version of the Terms of Use, English Wikinews mandates that all text content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic License (CC BY 2.5) and does not require a dual license with GFDL.

   Please note that these licenses do allow commercial uses of your contributions, as long as such uses are compliant with the terms.

2. Attribution: Attribution is an important part of these licenses. We consider it giving credit where credit is due – to authors like yourself. When you contribute text, you agree to be attributed in any of the following fashions:
   1. Through hyperlink (where possible) or URL to the article to which you contributed (since each article has a history page that lists all authors and editors);
   2. Through hyperlink (where possible) or URL to an alternative, stable online copy that is freely accessible, which conforms with the license, and which provides credit to the authors in a manner equivalent to the credit given on the Project website; or
   3. Through a list of all authors (but please note that any list of authors may be filtered to exclude very small or irrelevant contributions).
3. Importing text: You may import text that you have found elsewhere or that you have co-authored with others, but in such case you warrant that the text is available under terms that are compatible with the CC BY-SA 3.0 license (or, as explained above, another license when exceptionally required by the Project edition or feature)('CC BY-SA'). Content available only under GFDL is not permissible.

   You agree that, if you import text under a CC BY-SA license that requires attribution, you must credit the author(s) in a reasonable fashion. Where such credit is commonly given through page histories (such as Wikimedia-internal copying), it is sufficient to give attribution in the edit summary, which is recorded in the page history, when importing the text. The attribution requirements are sometimes too intrusive for particular circumstances (regardless of the license), and there may be instances where the Wikimedia community decides that imported text cannot be used for that reason.

4. Non-text media: Non-text media on the Projects are available under a variety of different licenses that support the general goal of allowing unrestricted re-use and re-distribution. When you contribute non-text media, you agree to comply with the requirements for such licenses as described in our Licensing Policy, and also comply with the requirements of the specific Project edition or feature to which you are contributing. Also see the Wikimedia Commons Licensing Policy for more information on contributing non-text media to that Project.
5. No revocation of license: Except as consistent with your license, you agree that you will not unilaterally revoke or seek invalidation of any license that you have granted under these Terms of Use for text content or non-text media contributed to the Wikimedia Projects or features, even if you terminate use of our services.
6. Public domain content: Content that is in the public domain is welcome! It is important however that you confirm the public domain status of the content under the law of the United States of America as well as the laws of any other countries as required by the specific Project edition. When you contribute content that is in the public domain, you warrant that the material is actually in the public domain, and you agree to label it appropriately.
7. Re-use: Re-use of content that we host is welcome, though exceptions exist for content contributed under 'fair use' or similar exemptions under copyright law. Any re-use must comply with the underlying license(s).

   When you re-use or re-distribute a text page developed by the Wikimedia community, you agree to attribute the authors in any of the following fashions:

   1. Through hyperlink (where possible) or URL to the page or pages that you are re-using (since each page has a history page that lists all authors and editors);
   2. Through hyperlink (where possible) or URL to an alternative, stable online copy that is freely accessible, which conforms with the license, and which provides credit to the authors in a manner equivalent to the credit given on the Project website; or
   3. Through a list of all authors (but please note that any list of authors may be filtered to exclude very small or irrelevant contributions).

   If the text content was imported from another source, it is possible that the content is licensed under a compatible CC BY-SA license but not GFDL (as described in “Importing text,” above). In that case, you agree to comply with the compatible CC BY-SA license and do not have the option to re-license it under GFDL. To determine the license that applies to the content that you seek to re-use or re-distribute, you should review the page footer, page history, and discussion page.

   In addition, please be aware that text that originated from external sources and was imported into a Project may be under a license that attaches additional attribution requirements. Users agree to indicate these additional attribution requirements clearly. Depending on the Project, such requirements may appear for example in a banner or other notations pointing out that some or all of the content was originally published elsewhere. Where there are such visible notations, re-users should preserve them.

   For any non-text media, you agree to comply with whatever license under which the work has been made available (which can be discovered by clicking on the work and looking at the licensing section on its description page or reviewing an applicable source page for that work). When re-using any content that we host, you agree to comply with the relevant attribution requirements as they pertain to the underlying license or licenses.
8. Modifications or additions to material that you re-use: When modifying or making additions to text that you have obtained from a Project website, you agree to license the modified or added content under CC BY-SA 3.0 or later (or, as explained above, another license when exceptionally required by the specific Project edition or feature).

   When modifying or making additions to any non-text media that you have obtained from a Project website, you agree to license the modified or added content in accordance with whatever license under which the work has been made available.

   With both text content and non-text media, you agree to clearly indicate that the original work has been modified. If you are re-using text content in a wiki, it is sufficient to indicate in the page history that you made a change to the imported text. For each copy or modified version that you distribute, you agree to include a licensing notice stating which license the work is released under, along with either a hyperlink or URL to the text of the license or a copy of the license itself.

8. DMCA Compliance

The Wikimedia Foundation wants to ensure that the content that we host can be re-used by other users without fear of liability and that it is not infringing the proprietary rights of others. In fairness to our users, as well as to other creators and copyright holders, our policy is to respond to notices of alleged infringement that comply with the formalities of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Pursuant to the DMCA, we will terminate, in appropriate circumstances, users and account holders of our system and network who are repeat infringers.

However, we also recognize that not every takedown notice is valid or in good faith. In such cases, we strongly encourage users to file counter-notifications when they appropriately believe a DMCA takedown demand is invalid or improper. For more information on what to do if you think a DMCA notice has been improperly filed, you may wish to consult the Chilling Effects website.

If you are the owner of content that is being improperly used on one of the Projects without your permission, you may request that the content be removed under the DMCA. To make such a request, please email us at legalwikimedia.org or snail mail our designated agent at this address.

Alternatively, you may make a request to our community, which often handles copyright issues faster and more effectively than prescribed under the DMCA. In that case, you can post a notice explaining your copyright concerns. For a non-exhaustive and non-authoritative list of the relevant processes for the different Project editions, look here. Before filing a DMCA claim, you also have the option of sending an email to the community at infowikimedia.org.

9. Third-party Websites and Resources

You are solely responsible for your use of any third-party websites or resources. Although the Projects contain links to third-party websites and resources, we do not endorse and are not responsible or liable for their availability, accuracy, or the related content, products, or services (including, without limitation, any viruses or other disabling features), nor do we have any obligation to monitor such third-party content.

10. Management of Websites

The community has the primary role in creating and enforcing policies applying to the different Project editions. At the Wikimedia Foundation, we rarely intervene in community decisions about policy and its enforcement. In an unusual case, the need may arise, or the community may ask us, to address an especially problematic user because of significant Project disturbance or dangerous behavior. In such cases, we reserve the right, but do not have the obligation to:

• Investigate your use of the service (a) to determine whether a violation of these Terms of Use, Project edition policy, or other applicable law or policy has occurred, or (b) to comply with any applicable law, legal process, or appropriate governmental request;
• Detect, prevent, or otherwise address fraud, security, or technical issues or respond to user support requests;
• Refuse, disable, or restrict access to the contribution of any user who violates these Terms of Use;
• Ban a user from editing or contributing or block a user's account or access for actions violating these Terms of Use, including repeat copyright infringement;
• Take legal action against users who violate these Terms of Use (including reports to law enforcement authorities); and
• Manage otherwise the Project websites in a manner designed to facilitate their proper functioning and protect the rights, property, and safety of ourselves and our users, licensors, partners, and the public.

In the interests of our users and the Projects, in the extreme circumstance that any individual has had his or her account or access blocked under this provision, he or she is prohibited from creating or using another account on or seeking access to the same Project, unless we provide explicit permission. Without limiting the authority of the community, the Wikimedia Foundation itself will not ban a user from editing or contributing or block a user's account or access solely because of good faith criticism that does not result in actions otherwise violating these Terms of Use or community policies.

The Wikimedia community and its members may also take action when so allowed by the community or Foundation policies applicable to the specific Project edition, including but not limited to warning, investigating, blocking, or banning users who violate those policies. You agree to comply with the final decisions of dispute resolution bodies that are established by the community for the specific Project editions (such as arbitration committees); these decisions may include sanctions as set out by the policy of the specific Project edition.

Especially problematic users who have had accounts or access blocked on multiple Project editions may be subject to a ban from all of the Project editions, in accordance with the Global Ban Policy. In contrast to Board resolutions or these Terms of Use, policies established by the community, which may cover a single Project edition or multiple Projects editions (like the Global Ban Policy), may be modified by the relevant community according to its own procedures.

The blocking of an account or access or the banning of a user under this provision shall be in accordance with Section 12 of these Terms of Use.

11. Resolutions and Project Policies

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees releases official policies from time to time. Some of these policies may be mandatory for a particular Project or Project edition, and, when they are, you agree to abide by them as applicable.

12. Termination

Though we hope you will stay and continue to contribute to the Projects, you can stop using our services any time. In certain (hopefully unlikely) circumstances it may be necessary for either ourselves or the Wikimedia community or its members (as described in Section 10) to terminate part or all of our services, terminate these Terms of Use, block your account or access, or ban you as a user. If your account or access is blocked or otherwise terminated for any reason, your public contributions will remain publicly available (subject to applicable policies), and, unless we notify you otherwise, you may still access our public pages for the sole purpose of reading publicly available content on the Projects. In such circumstances, however, you may not be able to access your account or settings. We reserve the right to suspend or end the services at any time, with or without cause, and with or without notice. Even after your use and participation are banned, blocked or otherwise suspended, these Terms of Use will remain in effect with respect to relevant provisions, including Sections 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9-15, and 17.

13. Disputes and Jurisdiction

Highlighted for emphasis

We hope that no serious disagreements arise involving you, but, in the event there is a dispute, we encourage you to seek resolution through the dispute resolution procedures or mechanisms provided by the Projects or Project editions and the Wikimedia Foundation. If you seek to file a legal claim against us, you agree to file and resolve it exclusively in a state or federal court located in San Francisco County, California. You also agree that the laws of the State of California and, to the extent applicable, the laws of the United States of America will govern these Terms of Use, as well as any legal claim that might arise between you and us (without reference to conflict of laws principles). You agree to submit to the personal jurisdiction of, and agree that venue is proper in, the courts located in San Francisco County, California, in any legal action or proceeding relating to us or these Terms of Use.

To ensure that disputes are dealt with soon after they arise, you agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action you might have arising out of or related to use of our services or these Terms of Use must be filed within the applicable statute of limitations or, if earlier, one (1) year after the pertinent facts underlying such claim or cause of action could have been discovered with reasonable diligence (or be forever barred).

14. Disclaimers

Highlighted for emphasis

At the Wikimedia Foundation, we do our best to provide educational and informational content to a very wide audience, but your use of our services is at your sole risk. We provide these services on an 'as is' and 'as available' basis, and we expressly disclaim all express or implied warranties of all kinds, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement. We make no warranty that our services will meet your requirements, be safe, secure, uninterrupted, timely, accurate, or error-free, or that your information will be secure.

We are not responsible for the content, data, or actions of third parties, and you release us, our directors, officers, employees, and agents from any claims and damages, known and unknown, arising out of or in any way connected with any claim you have against any such third parties. No advice or information, whether oral or written, obtained by you from us or through or from our services creates any warranty not expressly stated in these Terms of Use.

Any material downloaded or otherwise obtained through your use of our services is done at your own discretion and risk, and you will be solely responsible for any damage to your computer system or loss of data that results from the download of any such material. You agree that we have no responsibility or liability for the deletion of, or the failure to store or to transmit, any content or communication maintained by the service. We retain the right to create limits on use and storage at our sole discretion at any time with or without notice.

Some states or jurisdictions do not allow the types of disclaimers in this section, so they may not apply to you either in part or in full depending on the law.

15. Limitation on Liability

Highlighted for emphasis

The Wikimedia Foundation will not be liable to you or to any other party for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential or exemplary damages, including but not limited to, damages for loss of profits, goodwill, use, data, or other intangible losses, regardless of whether we were advised of the possibility of such damage. In no event shall our liability exceed one thousand U.S. dollars (USD 1000.00) in aggregate. In the case that applicable law may not allow the limitation or exclusion of liability or incidental or consequential damages, the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you, although our liability will be limited to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.

16. Modifications to these Terms of Use

Just as the Wikimedia community's input is essential for the growth and maintenance of the Projects, we believe that community input is essential for these Terms of Use to properly serve our users. It is also essential for a fair contract. Therefore, we will provide these Terms of Use, as well as any substantial future revisions of these Terms of Use, to the community for comment at least thirty (30) days before the end of the comment period. If a future proposed revision is substantial, we will provide an additional 30 days for comments after posting a translation of the proposed revision in at least three languages (selected at our discretion). The community will be encouraged to translate the proposed revision in other languages as appropriate. For changes for legal or administrative reasons, to correct an inaccurate statement, or changes in response to community comments, we will provide at least three (3) days' notice.

Because it may be necessary to modify these Terms of Use from time to time, we will provide notice of such modifications and the opportunity to comment via the Project websites, and via a notification on WikimediaAnnounce-L. However, we ask that you please periodically review the most up-to-date version of these Terms of Use. Your continued use of our services after the new Terms of Use become official following the notice and review period constitutes an acceptance of these Terms of Use on your part. For the protection of the Wikimedia Foundation and other users like yourself, if you do not agree with our Terms of Use, you cannot use our services.

17. Other Terms

These Terms of Use do not create an employment, agency, partnership, or joint venture relationship between you and us, the Wikimedia Foundation. If you have not signed a separate agreement with us, these Terms of Use are the entire agreement between you and us. If there is any conflict between these Terms of Use and a signed written agreement between you and us, the signed agreement will control.

You agree that we may provide you with notices, including those regarding changes to the Terms of Use, by email, regular mail, or postings on Project websites.

If in any circumstance, we do not apply or enforce any provision of these Terms of Use, it is not a waiver of that provision.

You understand that, unless otherwise agreed to in writing by us, you have no expectation of compensation for any activity, contribution, or idea that you provide to us, the community, or the Wikimedia Projects or Project editions.

Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in these Terms of Use, we (the Wikimedia Foundation) and you agree not to modify the applicable terms and requirements of any free license that is employed on the Projects or Project editions when such free license is authorized by these Terms of Use.

These Terms of Use were written in English (U.S.). While we hope that translations of these Terms of Use are accurate, in the event of any differences in meaning between the original English version and a translation, the original English version takes precedence.

If any provision or part of a provision of these Terms of Use is found unlawful, void, or unenforceable, that provision or part of the provision is deemed severable from these Terms of Use and will be enforced to the maximum extent permissible, and all other provisions of these Terms of Use will remain in full force and effect.

Thank You!

We appreciate your taking the time to read these Terms of Use, and we are very happy to have you contributing to the Projects and using our services. Through your contributions, you are helping to build something really big – not only an important collection of collaboratively edited reference Projects that provides education and information to millions who might otherwise lack access, but also a vibrant community of like-minded and engaged peers, focused on a very noble goal.

These Terms of Use went into effect on June 16, 2014. Previous versions of the terms:

• Terms of Use (2012–2014): effective from May 24, 2012 until June 16, 2014
• Terms of Use (2009): effective from 2009 until May 24, 2012.

In the event of any differences in meaning between the original English version and a translation, the original English version takes precedence.

• Gudrun Claudia Böhmer
• vor 6 Jahren
• Abrufe

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2 BASIC GERMAN: A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK Basic German: A Grammar and Workbook comprises an accessible reference grammar and related exercises in a single volume. It introduces German people and culture through the medium of the language used today, covering the core material which students would expect to encounter in their first years of learning German. Each of the 28 units presents one or more related grammar topics, illustrated by examples which serve as models for the exercises that follow. These wide-ranging and varied exercises enable the student to master each grammar point thoroughly. Basic German is suitable for independent study and for class use. Features include: Clear grammatical explanations with examples in both English and German Authentic language samples from a range of media Checklists at the end of each Unit to reinforce key points Cross-referencing to other grammar chapters Full exercise answer key Glossary of grammatical terms Basic German is the ideal reference and practice book for beginners but also for students with some knowledge of the language. Heiner Schenke is Senior Lecturer in German at the University of Westminster and Karen Seago is Course Leader for Applied Translation at the London Metropolitan University.

3 Other titles available in the Grammar Workbooks series are: Basic Cantonese Intermediate Cantonese Basic Chinese Intermediate Chinese Intermediate German Basic Polish Intermediate Polish Basic Russian Intermediate Russian Basic Welsh Intermediate Welsh Titles of related interest published by Routledge: Colloquial German by Dietlinde Hatherall and Glyn Hatherall Modern German Grammar: A Practical Guide, Second Edition by Bill Dodd, Christine Eckhard-Black, John Klapper, Ruth Whittle Modern German Grammar Workbook, Second Edition by Heidi Zojer, Bill Dodd, Christine Eckhard-Black, John Klapper, Ruth Whittle

4 BASIC GERMAN: A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK Heiner Schenke and Karen Seago

5 First published 2004 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-library, To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge s collection of thousands of ebooks please go to Heiner Schenke and Karen Seago All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested ISBN Master e-book ISBN ISBN (Adobe ereader Format) ISBN X (hbk) (pbk)

6 CONTENTS Preface vii 1 What s different in German? Basic tips and patterns 1 2 Verbs in the present tense 6 3 Verb variations and irregular verbs 12 4 Irregular verbs: haben and sein 19 5 Separable verbs in the present tense 24 6 Imperatives 30 7 Questions 36 8 Nouns and gender 42 9 Plural of nouns The four cases The nominative case The accusative case The dative case The genitive case Personal pronouns Possessive adjectives Reflexive verbs Negatives Comparison of adjectives and adverbs Modal verbs 109

7 vi Contents 21 The present perfect tense The simple past tense The future tense Prepositions Adjective endings Numbers and dates Conjunctions and clauses Word order 167 Key to exercises and checklists 175 Glossary of grammatical terms 200 Common irregular verbs 203 Index 205

8 PREFACE Basic German is aimed at absolute beginners and those learners who have some knowledge of German but who need to refresh and consolidate basic structures. It can be used on its own or in connection with any major German coursebook and it is suitable for self-study, class-based learning or reference purposes. Presentation of grammar The book explains the essentials of German grammar in clear and simple language. The format is easily accessible and grammar topics follow a progression, which moves from simple aspects to more complex features. For more in-depth study, there are cross-references to related grammar items. Explanations are simple and avoid specialised terminology while introducing key terms. The vocabulary is practical and functional. It is introduced on a cumulative basis and builds on vocabulary associated with topics featured in major course books. Structure of units There are 28 units. Each unit covers one key grammar topic, which is contrasted with English structures where appropriate. Each topic starts out with an overview. This is followed by detailed explanation in an easy-to-follow step-by-step layout, breaking down complex aspects into simple segments. Examples in English and German illustrate each point and introduce relevant vocabulary. Checklists and exercises Integrated exercises allow immediate practice to consolidate each grammar point. Exercises are varied and progress from simple recognition to more complex application of grammar points.

9 viii Preface A checklist at the end of each unit reinforces main points and provides an opportunity to self-assess understanding of the material covered. Answers to all exercises and checklists are at the end of the book. Using the book as a grammar reference Unit headings indicate which grammar point is covered, and the glossary provides clear definitions and simple explanations of key grammatical terms. When appropriate, cross-references are provided within units. Extra features Unit 1 highlights some basic principles where the structures of German are fundamentally different from English. It explains their characteristics in simple terms and draws attention to underlying patterns. Extra tips on how to learn a language and learning specific grammar points are provided in this unit and throughout the book. The book is suitable for independent learners GCSE preparation AS/A-level revision beginners courses at university and in further education adult education courses.

10 UNIT ONE What s different in German? Basic tips and patterns Learning German is often perceived as difficult. In 1880, Mark Twain famously dubbed it the awful German language, protesting Surely there is not another language that is so slipshod and systemless, and so slippery and elusive to the grasp (Mark Twain, The awful German language, The Tramp Abroad, 1880 (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1997), pp ). But is this really the case? One thing that is very helpful in learning German is that it is a systematic language, which follows rules. There are many ways to make these rules easier to learn, and there are quite a few tips which will help you in learning the language. If you approach the language step by step you will find that it is much easier than you may think at the beginning. Here are pointers to some basic principles where German is different from English, and which may be useful before you start out with the grammar proper. Spelling capital letters and different characters There are a few ways in which German spelling is different from English. Capital letters for nouns German is one of the few languages which uses capital letters not only at the beginning of sentences but also within sentences. In English, this applies only to proper names, to the personal pronoun I and to personifications, such as Love. In German, all nouns must always be written with a capital letter, regardless of whether they are at the beginning of a sentence or in the middle: Der Mann und die Frau arbeiten jeden Tag am Computer. The man and the woman work at their computer every day. Note that the pronoun ich ( I ) has no initial capital in German, but Sie (formal form of you ) has.

11 2 Unit 1 Different characters The German alphabet has some characters which do not exist in the English alphabet: ß the sharp s The letter ß, called eszett in German, is pronounced like the normal English s, for example in sun or basic. German uses this letter for instance after ei and ie, and after a, o, u if they are pronounced long: heißen Straße groß to be called street big The umlauts ä, ö, ü These are very important. They change the pronunciation of a word and, more importantly, its meaning: Mutter means mother, but Mütter is the plural form and means mothers. Musste means had to, but müsste means should or ought to. Three genders All nouns in German are masculine, feminine or neuter. This shows in their singular article: der for masculine, die for feminine, das for neuter. It is important to realise that gender in German is grammatical, not biological as it is in English. This means that objects, concepts etc. which are neuter ( it ) in English can be masculine, feminine or neuter in German: der Tisch die Tür das Fenster the table (masculine) the door (feminine) the window (neuter) Whenever you learn a new noun, always learn it with its gender: the best way to do it is to learn it with its article. You will find that this will pay off in the long term. Endings One of the principal differences between English and German is that in German words take specific endings depending on their relationship to other

12 Unit 1 3 parts of the sentence. This applies to verbs, articles and possessive adjectives and adjectives. Verbs These are words describing the action of a sentence, such as to run, to think. For example, the German verb to go has different endings when used with I, he and they : Ich gehe. Er geht. Sie gehen. I go. He goes. They go. Articles and possessive adjectives These are words linked to a noun such as a, the, my or his. For example, the indefinite article meaning a changes in German when it is linked to the subject of the sentence (ein Mann) or the object of the sentence (einen Mann): Ist das ein Mann? Da drüben sehe ich einen Mann. Is that a man? I can see a man over there. Adjectives These words, which describe the quality of a noun, such as a new computer, an intelligent woman, a beautiful house, follow a similar pattern when they appear in front of a noun. In German adjectives can have different endings when they are linked to a masculine noun (ein neuer Computer), a feminine noun (eine intelligente Frau) or a neuter noun (ein schönes Haus). Cases One of the most important features of German is that you can tell what function a noun performs in a sentence by its ending and the form of the article. These show its case. For example, a noun can be the subject of the sentence, i.e. the agent of what is happening: Der Hund beißt den Mann. The dog bites the man. Or it can be the object, i.e. the receiver of the action in the sentence: Der Hund beißt den Mann. The dog bites the man.

13 4 Unit 1 The subject and the object are in different cases, which means that the article ( the ) has a different ending. Both dog and man are masculine (der) but the dog is the subject (der Hund) and the man is the object (den Mann). Word order Word order is much more flexible in German than in English, but there are some very important rules. The most important apply to the position of the finite verb. Here are some basic principles, which illustrate the difference to English word order. The finite verb is the second idea in most statements: Er hat zwei Brüder. He has two brothers. Morgen fahre ich nach Tomorrow I m going to Manchester. Manchester. The finite verb goes at the beginning of a sentence in orders and many questions: Öffnet das Fenster! Open the window, please. Hast Du morgen Zeit? Are you free tomorrow? The finite verb goes at the end in subordinate clauses: Ich kann morgen nicht kommen, weil ich nach Manchester fahre. I can t come tomorrow because I m going to Manchester. If there are two verb forms, one of them goes at the end: Morgen muss ich nach Manchester fahren. Tomorrow I have to go to Manchester. Tenses English tenses differentiate between an action happening at the moment ( I am working ) and an action taking place regularly ( I work at Harrods ). In German, this difference does not exist. The finite verb form is the same in both statements: Ich arbeite. Ich arbeite bei Harrods. I am working. I work at Harrods. The past in English is expressed either by the present perfect tense (when something happened recently or has a connection to the present: I was

14 Unit 1 5 working or the simple past tense (when something happened at a certain time in the past or has no link to the present: I worked ). German is simpler: you normally use the present perfect when you talk about the past regardless of when it happened, and you normally use the simple past in written German. And finally looking for principles German is a very systematic language, and very soon you will realise that there are certain patterns which occur again and again. If you bear this in mind you will see that, after the first few weeks of a fairly steep learning curve, things will become easier and you will recognise these patterns. Buy a good dictionary. It not only gives you a list of translations but also tells you how to pronounce unfamiliar words and gives you important grammatical information, for example whether a verb takes a certain case or what the plural is for a noun. Throughout the book, we tell you how to work with dictionaries to get this kind of information and how it is relevant. Checklist 1 Where do you use capital letters in German? 2 When do you use the letter ß? 3 Why are umlauts important? 4 What is the difference between the use of gender in German and English? 5 Give an example where a word changes its ending in German. 6 What is one of the most important principles affecting German word order? 7 Is there a difference between I am working and I work in German?

15 UNIT TWO Verbs in the present tense What is a verb? A verb usually describes what a person or any other subject is doing: I go to the cinema. She thinks about her holiday. They play football. It can also describe a state: He is angry. She lives over there. They love me. Verbs in English In English, verbs take no endings except for the third person singular ( he / she / it ) in the present tense. You would say: I go, you go, he/she/it goes, we go, you go, they go. Apart from the third person singular where -(e)s is added, the verb in the sentence is the same form as the infinitive, that is the basic form of a verb as it is listed in a dictionary or glossary ( to go ). Verb Formation German has more endings for verbs in the present tense than English. You take the stem of a verb and then add the required ending. The stem is the form of the infinitive without -en or -n. infinitive stem kommen komm to come wohnen wohn to live hören hör to hear Verb endings an overview Here is an overview of the verb endings in the present tense:

16 Unit 2 7 komm-en wohn-en hör-en ich (I) -e komme wohne höre du (you, informal) -st kommst wohnst hörst Sie (you, formal) -en kommen wohnen hören er/sie/es (he/she/it) -t kommt wohnt hört wir (we) -en kommen wohnen hören ihr (you, plural, informal) -t kommt wohnt hört Sie (you, plural, formal) -en kommen wohnen hören sie (they) -en kommen wohnen hören A verb with its ending is called a finite verb (as opposed to the infinitive which does not have a meaningful ending). This is an important grammatical term, and you will find it in quite a few of the units. Verb endings in more detail Although as a beginner you probably mostly use the first and second person singular (ich and du or Sie) it is important to know all the endings for the verbs. Here they are in more detail. ich ( I ) For the first person singular you add -e to the stem: Ich wohne in Frankfurt. Ich spiele Gitarre. I live in Frankfurt. I play the guitar. du/sie ( you, singular) There are two forms of address in German: the informal and the formal. If you are addressing one person, the informal address is du and the formal is Sie (always with an initial capital letter). The endings are -st and -en: Woher kommst du? Wo wohnst du? Woher kommen Sie? Wo wohnen Sie? Where do you come from? (informal) Where do you live? (informal) Where do you come from? (formal) Where do you live? (formal) er/sie/es ( he, she, it ) To talk about a third person or thing you use er for he, sie (with small s) for she and es for it in German and add -t to the stem:

17 8 Unit 2 Er spielt Tennis. Woher kommt sie? Es schneit. He plays tennis. Where does she come from? It is snowing. wir ( we ) Overall the plural forms are much easier to learn. We (wir) takes -en the same form as most infinitives: Wir wohnen in Köln. Wir lernen Deutsch. We live in Cologne. We learn German. ihr/sie ( you, plural) As for the singular, there is an informal (ihr) and a formal way (Sie) to address more than one person. These take different endings: Wo wohnt ihr? Was macht ihr hier? Wo wohnen Sie? Was machen Sie hier? Where do you live? (plural, informal) What are you doing here? (plural, informal) Where do you live? (plural, formal) What are you doing here? (plural, formal) sie ( they ) When referring to several people, German uses sie again (spelled with a small s!). You have to add -en: Und woher kommen sie? Jutta und Bernd was machen sie? And where do they come from? Jutta and Bernd what are they doing? Uses of sie/sie When you start learning German you may be confused by the different meanings of the word sie. sie with a small s can mean either she or they. Sie with a capital S is used for formal you in both singular and plural. The verb endings for they and singular and plural formal you are identical.

18 Unit 2 9 One present tense in German As we have seen, in German there is only one present tense, which corresponds both to the simple and to the continous present in English: Er trinkt Bier. Sie spielt Fußball. He drinks beer. or He is drinking beer. She plays football. or She is playing football. Exceptions Although the majority of verbs in German follow the regular pattern described above, there are a number of exceptions (irregular forms): Some verbs have slight spelling variations, or their stem vowel changes (see Unit 3). Sein and haben ( to be or to have ) are particularly irregular (see Unit 4). But before you explore the mysteries of German verb endings further, make sure that you have digested all the information from this Unit. For more information on verb endings see Units 3 and 4. See also Unit 15 for more details on personal pronouns ( I, you, he, she etc.). Exercise 2.1 Use the endings from the list below to complete the verb forms. The first one has been done for you. -en -en -e -st -t -en -en -t ich -e du Sie er/sie/es wir ihr Sie sie

19 10 Unit 2 Exercise 2.2 Here is a short interview with Alex Maschke, who lives in Berlin. Complete the gaps with the appropriate verb forms. Example: kommen Woher du? Ich aus Frankfurt. Woher kommst du? Ich komme aus Frankfurt. 1 wohnen Wo du? Ich jetzt in Berlin. 2 studieren Und was du? Ich Physik und Chemie. 3 hören Welche Musik du? Ich gern klassische Musik. 4 lernen Welche Sprache du im Moment? Ich Spanisch. 5 trinken Was du gern? Ich gern Kaffee. As you have probably noticed, Alex was addressed informally. Rewrite the questions in the formal mode (using the Sie form). Exercise 2.3 Supply the missing endings. Example: Anna komm aus Wien. Anna kommt aus Wien. 1 Ich heiß Ulrike. 2 Komm du wirklich aus London? 3 Peter wohn im Stadtzentrum. 4 Das ist Pia. Sie geh sehr gern ins Restaurant. 5 Wie heiß Sie? 6 Ich heiß Petra Schmidt. 7 Und was mach Sie beruflich? 8 Ich studier Physik. 9 Und woher komm ihr? 10 Was mach ihr hier? 11 Und wo wohn ihr? 12 Wir komm aus Süddeutschland. 13 Wir geh zu einem Fußballspiel. 14 Wir bleib drei Tage. 15 Sie (Pier und Jörg) lern Englisch. 16 Basel lieg in der Schweiz. 17 Komm ihr aus Freiburg? 18 Und woher komm du?

20 Unit Ann und Tina spiel gern Badminton. 20 Wir find Berlin sehr interessant. Exercise 2.4 Translate the following sentences: 1 I live in Berlin. 2 He drinks beer. 3 She plays tennis. 4 Carla and Sophia are playing football. 5 Where do you come from? (Use (a) the du and (b) the Sie form.) 6 Where do you live? (Use (a) the du, (b) the Sie-form and (c) the ihr form.) Checklist 1 Can you form the stem of a German verb? 2 What are the verb endings in the singular? 3 Do you know the endings in the plural? 4 How many tenses are there in German for the present? 5 Can you define what a finite verb is?

21 UNIT THREE Verb variations and irregular verbs Regular and irregular forms Most verbs in German follow a regular pattern where the ending is simply added to the stem of the verb. But there are some variations where the spelling is slightly different. There is also a group of irregular verbs where there are changes in the stem of the verb. Irregular forms in English In English there is also a difference between regular and irregular verbs, but it usually does not affect the present tense, except for to be and to have. These verbs will be discussed in Unit 4. Spelling variations an overview Stem endings in -d or -t There are some German verbs where the stem ends in -d or -t. It would be difficult to pronounce the -st endings for du and the t ending for er/sie/es and ihr if -st or -t was directly added to the stem. This is why an e is put before these endings: infinitive stem finite verb arbeiten arbeit du arbeitest to work kosten kost es kostet to cost reden red ihr redet to talk Verbs such as atmen and regnen Verbs such as atmen and regnen, where the stem ends in a consonant + n or m, also need the additional e:

22 Unit 3 13 infinitive stem finite verb atmen atm du atmest to breathe regnen regn es regnet to rain Examples: Du atmest sehr heftig. Herr Maier arbeitet bei Siemens. Es regnet schon wieder! Das Buch kostet 5 Euro. Ihr redet zu viel. You re breathing rather heavily. Mr Maier works for Siemens. It s raining again! The book costs 5 euros. You re talking too much. Only du, er/sie/es and ihr are affected The extra e is added only with the endings for du, er/sie/es and ihr: it does not affect the other verb forms: ich arbeite du arbeitest Sie arbeiten er/sie/es arbeitet wir arbeiten ihr arbeitet Sie arbeiten sie arbeiten Stem endings in -s, -ss, -ß, -x, -z, -tz Normally the verb ending for du is st, but, if the verb stem ends in s, ss or ß, add a t as the verb ending for du: infinitive finite verb reisen du reist to travel küssen er küsst to kiss heißen du heißt to be called Examples: Reist du wieder nach Italien? Du heißt doch Frank, oder? Susi küsst gern. Are you travelling to Italy again? You re called Frank, aren t you? Susi likes kissing. For a few verbs where the stem ends in x, z or tz the same pattern applies: faxen du faxt to fax tanzen du tanzt to dance schwitzen du schwitzt to sweat

23 14 Unit 3 Irregular verbs with vowel changes There is a group of German verbs where the vowel in the stem changes in the present tense. These changes apply only in the du and er/sie/es forms. None of the other endings is affected. Here are examples in some frequently used verbs: infinitive finite verb schlafen er schläft to sleep essen sie isst to eat sprechen du sprichst to speak lesen du liest to read sehen er sieht to see Examples: Liest du gern Harry Potter? Er sieht ein Fußballspiel. Sie isst gern Pizza. Sprichst du Deutsch? Sie schläft bis elf Uhr. Do you like reading Harry Potter? He is watching a football match. She likes eating pizza. Do you speak German? She sleeps until eleven o clock. Looking out for patterns These changes apply only to a limited number of verbs. It is best to learn these verbs by heart. There are also certain patterns which can help you predict how a verb changes. They are: a ä e i e ie Here they are in more detail. Changes from a to ä Important verbs apart from schlafen which follow this pattern are: fahren du fährst, er/sie/es fährt to drive halten du hältst, er/sie/es hält to hold, to stop tragen du trägst, er/sie/es trägt to carry waschen du wäschst, er/sie/es wäscht to wash

24 Unit 3 15 Examples: Du fährst morgen nach Hause. Gleich fällt es runter! Er trägt ein neues T-Shirt. You re going home tomorrow. Any moment now it will fall (down)! He wears a new T-shirt. Changes from e to i You have seen that sprechen and essen are two prominent verbs which change their vowel from e to i. Other verbs which follow this pattern are: geben du gibst, er/sie/es gibt to give helfen du hilfst, er/sie/es hilft to help treffen du triffst, er/sie/es trifft to meet werfen du wirfst, er/sie/es wirft to throw Examples: Er hilft Frau Maier. Triffst du heute Angelika? Er wirft den Ball zu Beckham. He helps Frau Maier. Are you meeting Angelika today? He throws the ball to Beckham. The verb nehmen also follows the e to i pattern, but it has greater spelling variations. Here are all forms: ich nehme du nimmst Sie nehmen er/sie/es nimmt wir nehmen ihr nehmt Sie nehmen sie nehmen Examples: Nimmst du Kaffee oder Tee? Er nimmt ein heißes Bad. Do you take coffee or tea? He is taking a hot bath. Changes from e to ie Some verbs such as sehen and lesen, where the e sound is pronounced long, change their vowel e into ie: sehen du siehst, er/sie/es sieht to see lesen du liest, er/sie/es liest to read

25 16 Unit 3 Another important verb is empfehlen: empfehlen du empfiehlst, er/sie/es empfiehlt to recommend Examples: Er sieht Jutta nicht. Sie empfiehlt Tee. He doesn t see Jutta. She recommends tea. Where to look for irregular forms All verbs with a vowel change are irregular verbs. You will find a list of irregular verbs, often also called strong verbs, at the back of most course books and dictionaries, as well as at the back of this one. But beware: not all irregular verbs change their spelling in the present tense. Other irregular verbs There are also two other groups of verb forms which do not conform to the regular pattern in the present tense: the verbs sein and haben to be and to have (see Unit 4) the modal verbs (see Unit 18). Exercise 3.1 Write out the full present tense of the following verbs (for all persons: ich, du, Sie, er/sie/es, wir, ihr, Sie, sie): 1 arbeiten 2 tanzen 3 heißen 4 reisen Exercise 3.2 Here is a list of frequently used irregular verbs. Place a tick against the ones which change their vowel in the present tense and a cross against the ones which do not. The first two have been done for you. Use a verb list to check your answers.

26 Unit 3 17 bleiben helfen schreiben stehen essen kommen schwimmen tragen fahren nehmen sehen treffen geben lesen singen trinken gehen schlafen sprechen waschen Exercise 3.3 Here is what Hans Homann, a young television presenter from Austria, says about himself. Use this information to write a short portrait of him. The first sentence has been done for you. 1 Ich heiße Hans Homann. Er heißt Hans Homann. 2 Ich komme aus Wien. 3 Ich arbeite für das Österreichische Fernsehen. 4 Ich spreche natürlich Deutsch, aber auch Englisch und Spanisch. 5 Ich lese gern Kriminalromane. 6 Ich fahre auch gern Ski und schwimme viel. 7 Ich sehe gern alte Filme mit Marlene Dietrich. 8 Ich schlafe oft lange. 9 Ich reise gern. 10 Und ich helfe am Wochenende alten Leuten. Exercise 3.4 Translate the following sentences into German: 1 She reads a book. 2 Peter speaks German and English. 3 We speak German and Spanish. 4 Magda likes eating pizza. 5 I ll have a beer, please. 6 He has a beer. 7 She is wearing a T-shirt. 8 It is raining.

27 18 Unit 3 Checklist 1 Can you remember for which endings there is a stem vowel change? 2 Can you identify when you need to use an additional e? 3 What do you need to remember if the stem ends in an s sound? 4 What are the most common stem vowel changes?

28 UNIT FOUR Irregular verbs: haben and sein Irregular in both languages The verbs haben to have and sein to be are both very important. They are quite irregular in German, as in English. Different patterns As explained in Unit 3, irregular verbs in German tend to change their stem vowel. In the present tense this sometimes affects the du and er/sie/es forms: lesen du liest, er/sie/es liest to read essen du isst, er/sie/es isst to eat Sein is an example of an irregular verb where the endings change even more drastically. This is very similar to English, where to be has very irregular forms in the present tense: I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, you are, they are. Haben and sein an overview Here is an overview of the verb forms for haben and sein: haben sein ich (I) habe bin du (you, informal) hast bist Sie (you, formal) haben sind er/sie/es (he/she/it) hat ist wir (we) haben sind

29 20 Unit 4 ihr (you, plural, informal) habt seid Sie (you, plural, formal) haben sind sie (they) haben sind Here are both verbs in more detail. Haben in more detail Different pattern for du and er/sie/es There are some patterns with haben which may help you remember the endings. The endings for ich, wir, ihr and sie are regular: you add them to the stem in the normal way: ich hab-e, wir hab-en, ihr hab-t, sie hab-en. It is only for du and er/sie/es that the finite verb form is irregular you need to drop the b from the stem: du hast, er/sie/es hat. Examples Ich habe viel zu tun. Claus hat eine Schwester. Haben Sie Wechselgeld? Sie haben ein neues Auto. I have a lot to do. Claus has one sister. Do you have change? They have a new car. Use of haben Haben is an important verb which you will be using a lot. It is used to form tenses just as English uses to have : Ich habe gesungen. I have sung. Useful phrases Here are a few useful phrases with haben: Hunger haben to be hungry Ich habe Hunger. Durst haben to be thirsty Er hat Durst. Zeit haben to be free/have time Du hast Zeit. Langeweile haben to be bored Wir haben Langeweile. Kopfschmerzen haben to have a headache Sie hat Kopfschmerzen.

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